Lompat ke konten Lompat ke sidebar Lompat ke footer
Beranda / Two Headed Girl Babies Born With Too Much Skin

Two Headed Girl Babies Born With Too Much Skin

Posting Komentar

Medical condition

Conjoined twins
Other names Siamese twins
Conjoined X-ray.jpg
X-ray of conjoined twins, Cephalothoracopagus.
Specialty Medical genetics Edit this on Wikidata

Conjoined twins – sometimes popularly referred to every bit Siamese twins [i] [2] – are identical twins[3] joined in utero. A very rare phenomenon, the occurrence is estimated to range from ane in 49,000 births to ane in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in Western asia and Africa.[four] Approximately one-half are stillborn, and an additional one-third die within 24 hours. Nearly live births are female person, with a ratio of 3:1.[4] [5]

Two contradicting theories exist to explicate the origins of conjoined twins. The more generally accepted theory is fission, in which the fertilized egg splits partially.[6] The other theory, no longer believed to be the basis of conjoined twinning,[6] is fusion, in which a fertilized egg completely separates, but stem cells (which search for similar cells) notice like stem cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together. Conjoined twins share a single common chorion, placenta, and amniotic sac, although these characteristics are non exclusive to conjoined twins, as there are some monozygotic but non-conjoined twins who also share these structures in utero.[seven]

Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874) were brothers born in Siam (now Thailand) who traveled widely for many years and were labeled every bit The Siamese Twins. Chang and Eng were joined at the torso by a band of mankind, cartilage, and their fused livers. In mod times, they could take been easily separated.[eight] Due to the brothers' fame and the rarity of the condition, the term "Siamese twins" came to be associated with conjoined twins.

Causes [edit]

In that location are 2 theories most the development of conjoined twins. The first is that a single fertilized egg does non fully split during the procedure of forming identical twins. If the zygote partitioning occurs subsequently 2 weeks of the evolution of the embryonic disc, information technology results in the formation of conjoined twins.[9] The second theory is that a fusion of ii fertilized eggs occurs earlier in evolution.

Fractional splitting of the archaic node and streak may result in the formation of conjoined twins. These twins are classified according to the nature and degree of their union. Occasionally, monozygotic twins are connected only by a common skin bridge or by a common liver span. The blazon of twins formed depends on when and to what extent abnormalities of the node and streak occurred. Misexpression of genes, such as Goosecoid, may also result in conjoined twins.[10] Goosecoid activates inhibitors of BMP4 and contributes to regulation of head development. Over- or underexpression of this gene in laboratory animals results in severe malformations of the caput region, including duplications, similar to some types of conjoined twins.[11]

Types [edit]

Conjoined twins are typically classified by the bespeak at which their bodies are joined. The almost common types of conjoined twins are:

  • Thoraco-omphalopagus (28% of cases):[6] Two bodies fused from the upper breast to the lower chest. These twins usually share a heart and may besides share the liver or function of the digestive organisation.[12]
  • Thoracopagus (18.5%):[6] Two bodies fused from the upper chest to lower belly. The eye is ever involved in these cases.[12] As of 2015[update], separation of a genuinely shared eye has non offered survival to two twins; a designated twin may survive if allotted the heart, sacrificing the other twin.
  • Omphalopagus (10%):[half dozen] Ii bodies fused at the lower abdomen. Unlike thoracopagus, the middle is never involved in these cases; however, the twins ofttimes share a liver, digestive organisation, diaphragm and other organs.[12]
  • Parasitic twins (10%):[6] Twins that are asymmetrically conjoined, resulting in one twin that is small, less formed, and dependent on the larger twin for survival.
  • Craniopagus (6%):[six] Fused skulls, but separate bodies. These twins can be conjoined at the dorsum of the head, the front end of the caput, or the side of the caput, only non on the face or the base of the skull.[12]

Other, less common types of conjoined twins include:

  • Cephalopagus: Two faces on reverse sides of a unmarried, conjoined head; the upper portion of the body is fused while the bottom portions are dissever. These twins generally cannot survive due to severe malformations of the brain. Likewise known as janiceps (after the two-faced Roman deity Janus).[12]
  • Syncephalus: I head with a unmarried face only four ears, and two bodies.[12]
  • Cephalothoracopagus: Bodies fused in the head and thorax. In this blazon of twins, there are two faces facing in opposite directions, or sometimes a single face up and an enlarged skull.[12] [xiii]
  • Xiphopagus: Two bodies fused in the xiphoid cartilage, which is approximately from the navel to the lower breastbone. These twins almost never share any vital organs, with the exception of the liver.[12] A famous example is Chang and Eng Bunker.
  • Ischiopagus: Fused lower one-half of the two bodies, with spines conjoined terminate-to-end at a 180° bending. These twins take four arms; one, two, 3 or four legs; and typically one external gear up of genitalia and anus.[12]
  • Omphalo-Ischiopagus: Fused in a like fashion to ischiopagus twins, but facing each other with a joined abdomen akin to omphalopagus. These twins have four arms, and two, three, or four legs.[12]
  • Parapagus: Fused side by side with a shared pelvis. Twins that are dithoracic parapagus are fused at the abdomen and pelvis, but not the thorax. Twins that are diprosopic parapagus have i torso and two faces. Twins that are dicephalic parapagus take one trunk and two heads, and have 2 (dibrachius), iii (tribrachius), or four (tetrabrachius) arms.[12]
  • Craniopagus parasiticus: Like craniopagus, but with a second bodiless head attached to the dominant head.
  • Pygopagus or Iliopagus: Two bodies joined at the pelvis.[12]
  • Rachipagus: Twins joined along the dorsum of their bodies, with fusion of the vertebral arches and the soft tissue from the head to the buttocks[14]

Management [edit]

Separation [edit]

Surgery to split up conjoined twins may range from very easy to very difficult depending on the bespeak of attachment and the internal parts that are shared. Most cases of separation are extremely risky and life-threatening. In many cases, the surgery results in the expiry of i or both of the twins, specially if they are joined at the head or share a vital organ. This makes the ideals of surgical separation, where the twins tin can survive if not separated, contentious. Alice Dreger of Northwestern University found the quality of life of twins who remain conjoined to be higher than is commonly supposed.[15] Lori and George Schappell and Abby and Brittany Hensel are notable examples.

The first tape of separating conjoined twins took place in the Byzantine Empire in the 900s. One of the conjoined twins had already died, and then the doctors of the boondocks attempted to separate the dead twin from the surviving twin. The result was partly successful every bit the remaining twin lived for three days after separation. The next case of separating conjoined twins was recorded in 1689 in Deutschland several centuries afterwards.[sixteen] [17] The starting time recorded successful separation of conjoined twins was performed in 1689 by Johannes Fatio.[18] In 1955, neurosurgeon Harold Voris (1902-1980)[nineteen] and his team at Mercy Hospital in Chicago performed the starting time successful operation to separate craniopagus twins (conjoined at the caput), which resulted in long-term survival for both.[20] [21] [22] The larger girl was reported in 1963 equally developing normally, but the smaller was permanently dumb.[23]

In 1957, Bertram Katz and his surgical squad fabricated international medical history performing the world's first successful separation of conjoined twins sharing a vital organ.[24] Omphalopagus twins John Nelson and James Edward Freeman (Johnny and Jimmy) were born in Youngstown, Ohio, on April 27, 1956. The boys shared a liver but had separate hearts and were successfully separated at N Side Infirmary in Youngstown, Ohio, by Bertram Katz. The operation was funded by the Ohio Bedridden Children's Service Social club.[25]

Recent successful separations of conjoined twins include that of the separation of Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta in 2001, who were born in Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2000. The 97-hr surgery on the pair of craniopagus twins was a landmark one which took place in Singapore; the squad was led by neurosurgeons Chumpon Chan and Keith Goh.[26] The surgery left Ganga with brain damage and Jamuna unable to walk. Seven years later, Ganga Shrestha died at the Model Hospital in Kathmandu in July 2009, at the age of eight, three days subsequently being admitted for treatment of a severe chest infection.[27]

Infants Rose and Grace Attard, conjoined twins from Malta, were separated in the Britain by court order Re A over the religious objections of their parents, Michaelangelo and Rina Attard. The twins were attached at the lower abdomen and spine. The surgery took identify in Nov 2000, at St Mary's Hospital in Manchester. The operation was controversial because Rose, the weaker twin, would die as a result of the procedure as her heart and lungs were dependent upon Grace's. However, if the operation had non taken identify, information technology was certain that both twins would die.[28] [29] Grace survived to enjoy a normal childhood.[30]

In 2003, two 29-year-onetime women from Iran, Ladan and Laleh Bijani, who were joined at the head simply had split brains (craniopagus) were surgically separated in Singapore, despite surgeons' warnings that the performance could be fatal to one or both. Their complex case was accepted just because technologically advanced graphical imagery and modeling would allow the medical squad to program the risky surgery. Nevertheless, an undetected major vein hidden from the scans was discovered during the functioning.[31] The separation was completed just both women died while however in surgery.

In 2019 Safa and Marwa Ullah were separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, England. The twins, built-in January 2017 were joined at the peak of the head with carve up brains and a cylindrical shared skull with the twins each facing in opposite directions to one another. The surgery was jointly led past neurosurgeon Owase Jeelani and plastic surgeon Professor David Dunaway. The surgery presented item difficulties due to a number of shared veins and a distortion in the shape of the girls' brains, causing them to overlap. The baloney would need to be corrected in club for the separation to get alee. The surgery utilized a team of more than than 100 including bio engineers, 3D modelers and a virtual reality designer. The separation was completed in February 2019 post-obit a full of 52 hours of surgery over 3 separate operations. Every bit of July 2019, both girls remain healthy and the family planned to return to their habitation in Pakistan in 2020.[32] [33]

History [edit]

Conjoined twin sisters from Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)

The Moche civilisation of ancient Peru depicted conjoined twins in their ceramics dating back to 300 CE.[34] Writing effectually 415 CE, St. Augustine of Hippo, in his volume, City of God, refers to a man "double in his upper, simply unmarried in his lower half--having two heads, 2 chests, iv hands, only one body and two feet like an ordinary man."[35]

Co-ordinate to Theophanes the Confessor, a Byzantine historian of the 9th century, around 385/386 CE, "in the village of Emmaus in Palestine, a kid was born perfectly normal below the navel but divided above it, then that it had 2 chests and two heads, each possessing the senses. 1 would swallow and drink but the other did not swallow; one would sleep just the other stayed awake. At that place were times when they played with each other, when both cried and hit each other. They lived for a lilliputian over ii years. One died while the other lived for another four days and information technology, besides, died."[36]

In Arabia, the twin brothers Hashim ibn Abd Manaf and 'Abd Shams were born with Hashim'due south leg fastened to his twin brother'south head. Legend says that their father, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the claret that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between Banu al'Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn 'Abd Shams in the year 750 AH).[37] The Muslim polymath Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī described conjoined twins in his book Kitab-al-Saidana.[38]

The English twin sisters Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 (or 1500 to 1534) and were perhaps the best-known early historical example of conjoined twins. Other early conjoined twins to attain discover were the "Scottish brothers", allegedly of the dicephalus type, substantially 2 heads sharing the aforementioned body (1460–1488, although the dates vary); the pygopagus Helen and Judith of Szőny, Hungary (1701–1723), who enjoyed a cursory career in music before existence sent to alive in a convent; and Rita and Cristina of Parodi of Sardinia, born in 1829. Rita and Cristina were dicephalus tetrabrachius (one body with four arms) twins and although they died at just eight months of age, they gained much attending as a curiosity when their parents exhibited them in Paris.

Several sets of conjoined twins lived during the nineteenth century and made careers for themselves in the performing arts, though none achieved quite the same level of fame and fortune as Chang and Eng. Near notably, Millie and Christine McCoy (or McKoy), pygopagus twins, were born into slavery in North Carolina in 1851. They were sold to a showman, J.P. Smith, at birth, simply were soon kidnapped by a rival showman. The kidnapper fled to England just was thwarted considering England had already banned slavery. Smith traveled to England to collect the girls and brought with him their mother, Monimia, from whom they had been separated. He and his married woman provided the twins with an education and taught them to speak 5 languages, play music, and sing. For the residuum of the century, the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and appeared with the Barnum Circus. In 1912, they died of tuberculosis, 17 hours autonomously.

Giovanni and Giacomo Tocci, from Locana, Italian republic, were immortalized in Mark Twain'due south brusque story "Those Extraordinary Twins" as fictitious twins Angelo and Luigi. The Toccis, built-in in 1877, were dicephalus tetrabrachius twins, having one body with two legs, two heads, and four arms. From birth they were forced by their parents to perform and never learned to walk, equally each twin controlled one leg (in modern times, physical therapy allows twins like the Toccis to learn to walk on their own). They are said to have disliked show business. In 1886, after touring the The states, the twins returned to Europe with their family unit. They are believed to take died around this time, though some sources claim they survived until 1940, living in seclusion in Italy.

Notable people [edit]

Born 19th century and earlier [edit]

Chang and Eng Bunker, watercolor on ivory, 1835 or 1836

  • Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, alleged names of the Biddenden Maids (per tradition, born in the twelfth century) of Kent, England.[39] They are the primeval set of conjoined twins whose names are (purportedly) known.
  • Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo (1617 — 1646?), autosite-and-parasite pair
  • Helen and Judith of Szony (Republic of hungary, 1701 — 1723), pygopagus.
  • Chang and Eng Bunker (1811 — 1874). The Bunker twins were born of Chinese origin in Siam (at present Thailand), and the expression Siamese twins is derived from their case. They were joined by the areas around their xiphoid cartilages, just over time, the connective tissue stretched.
  • Millie and Christine McCoy (11 July 1851 – viii October 1912), (oblique pygopagus). The McCoy twins were built-in into slavery in Columbus County, North Carolina, U.s.. They went past the stage names "The Ii-Headed Nightingale" and "The Eighth Wonder of the World" and had an extensive career before retiring to the farm on which they were born.
  • Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci (1875? — 1912?), (dicephalus tetrabrachius dipus)
  • Josefa and Rosa Blazek (20 Jan 1878 — 30 March 1922),[40] pygopagus.[41] The Blazek twins were born in Skrejšov, Bohemia (now the Czechia).[41] They began performing in public exhibitions at the age of 13, and their act later included Rosa's son Franz. The sisters died in Chicago, Illinois.[42]

Born 20th century [edit]

  • Daisy and Violet Hilton of Brighton, England (1908–1969), pygopagus. The Hilton twins were performers who played musical instruments, sang, and danced. At the peak of their career, they had the highest paid human activity in vaudeville.[43] They as well appeared in the movies Freaks and Chained for Life.
  • Lucio and Simplicio Godina of Samar, Philippines (1908–1936)
  • Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova of Moscow, Russia (1950–2003), the rarest course of conjoined twins, ane of few cases of dicephalus tetrabrachius tripus (two heads, four arms, 3 legs)
  • Ronnie and Donnie Galyon of Ohio (1951–2020), omphalopagus
  • Tjitske and Folkje de Vries of Mûnein, Netherlands (b. 1953)
  • Wariboko and Tamunotonye Davies, born 25 July 1953 in Kano, Nigeria. Separated in London by a team led by Ian Aird. Tamunotonye died postoperatively. Wariboko became a nurse.[44]
  • Lori and George Schappell, born September 18, 1961, in Reading, Pennsylvania, American entertainers, craniopagus
  • Ganga and Jamuna Mondal of Republic of india, born 1969 or 1970, known professionally equally The Spider Girls and The Spider Sisters. Ischiopagus.
  • Anna and Barbara Rozycki (born 1970), the first conjoined twins successfully separated.[ citation needed ]
  • Ma Nan Soe and Ma Nan San (born 1971 in Myanmar), separated in July 1971 at Yangon Pediatric Infirmary. They were joined from breast to belly button. Ma Nan San died after one calendar month and vii days later on operation.
  • Elisa and Lisa Hansen, Ogden, Utah (1977-2020). Born by Caesarean section on 18 October 1977, were conjoined at the top of their head (craniopagus). They were separated 1979 later on 16-hr surgery, were commencement to both survive surgery.[ citation needed ]
  • Ladan and Laleh Bijani of Shiraz, Iran (1974–2003); died during separation surgery in Singapore. Craniopagus.
  • Infant Girl A and Baby Girl B (born 1977 in New Jersey) shared a unmarried six-chambered heart. Separation surgery, led past C. Everett Koop, involved the instant death of Baby Girl A; the difficult upstanding and religious concerns generated meaning local newspaper coverage. Baby Daughter B survived for iii months.[45]
  • Viet and Duc Nguyen, born on February 25, 1981, in Kon Tum Province, Vietnam, and separated in 1988 in Ho Chi Minh City. Viet died on October 6, 2007. Ischiopagus.
  • Maria and Consolata Mwakikuti of Tanzania (1986?–2018); conjoined by the belly; died of respiratory problems resulting from an abnormal, inoperable chest deformity.[46]
  • Patrick and Benjamin Binder, separated in 1987 by team of doctors led past Ben Carson. Craniopagus.
  • Andrew and Alex Olson, born in 1987, separated in Apr 1988 at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Omphalopagus. Alex died in 2018.
  • Katie and Eilish Holton, born August 1988 in Republic of ireland; Katie died after separation due to cardiac abort at the age of 3,5 years.
  • Abigail and Brittany Hensel are dicephalic parapagus twins born on March seven, 1990 in Carver County, Minnesota. Both graduated in 2012 from Bethel University, St. Paul, hired as teachers.
  • Tiesha and Iesha Turner (born 1991 in Texas), separated in 1992 at Texas Children'due south Hospital in Houston, Texas. Omphalopagus.
  • Ashley and Ashil Fokeer, built-in on two November 1992 in Republic of mauritius[47]
  • Joseph and Luka Banda (born Jan 23, 1997, in Zambia), separated in 1997 in South Africa past Ben Carson (with a later on intervention in 2001 to artificially shut their skulls). Craniopagus.
  • Maria del Carmen Andrade Solis and Maria Guadalupe Andrade Solis (better known every bit Carmen and Lupita) were born in June 2000 in Veracruz, Mexico. They later on moved to the United States for healthcare with their parents.[48]

Born 21st century [edit]

  • Carl and Clarence Aguirre, born with vertical craniopagus in Silay City, Negros Occidental, on April 21, 2002. They were successfully separated on August 4, 2004.[49]
  • Tabea and Lea Block, from Lemgo, Deutschland, were born every bit craniopagus twins joined on the tops of their heads on August 9, 2003. The girls shared some major veins, but their brains were separate. They were separated on September xvi, 2004, although Tabea died near 90 minutes afterward.[50]
  • Sohna and Mohna from Amritsar, India. Born in New Delhi on 14 June 2003. They have two hearts, artillery, kidneys and spinal cords while share liver, gall bladder and legs.[51]
  • Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru, born outside Rome in Lazio, Italian republic, on January xiii, 2004. Every bit craniopagus twins, the superlative of Tatiana's caput is attached to the back of Anastasias's head.
  • Lakshmi Tatma (built-in 2005) was an ischiopagus conjoined twin born in Araria commune in the state of Bihar, India. She had iv arms and four legs, resulting from a joining at the pelvis with a headless undeveloped parasitic twin.[52]
  • On 2005 a set of conjoined triplets was detected, characterized as tricephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapus parapagothoracopagus, and the pregnancy interrupted at 22 weeks.[53]
  • Kendra and Maliyah Herrin, ischiopagus twins separated in 2006 at age 4[54]
  • Krista and Tatiana Hogan, Canadian twins conjoined at the head. Born October 25, 2006. Share part of their brain and can laissez passer sensory information and thoughts betwixt each other.
  • Trishna and Krishna from People's republic of bangladesh were born in December 2006. They are craniopagus twins, joined on the tops of their skulls and sharing a modest amount of brain tissue. In 2009, they were separated in Melbourne, Commonwealth of australia.[55]
  • Maria and Teresa Tapia, born in the Dominican Republic on April 8, 2010. Conjoined past the liver, pancreas, and a pocket-sized portion of their small intestine. Separation occurred on November 7, 2011 at Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU.
  • Aung Myat Kyaw and Aung Khant Kyaw (built-in in May 2011, Mandalay, Myanmar), connected at pelvis.
  • Jesus and Emanuel de Nazaré are dicephalic parapagus twins born in Pará, Brazil on December 19, 2011.
  • Zheng Han Wei and Zheng Han Jing, born in China on Baronial 11, 2013. Conjoined past their sternum, pericardium, and liver. In 2014, they were separated in Shanghai, China, at the Shanghai Children'south Medical Center.[56] [57]
  • Asa and Eli Hamby were born in 2014 in Georgia but died less than ii days later on nativity due to heart failure. The twins were dicephalic parapagus having two heads but being conjoined at the torso, arms and legs. They had split up spinal columns only i center making postnatal operations impossible.
  • Jadon and Anias McDonald, built-in in September 2015. Conjoined by the caput. Successfully separated at Children's Hospital of Montefiore Medical Center past James T. Goodrich in October 2016.[58] [59]
  • Erin and Abby Delaney, built-in in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United states on July 24, 2016. Conjoined by the head. They were successfully separated at Children'south Hospital of Philadelphia on June 16, 2017.[60]
  • Marieme and Ndeye Ndiaye, twin girls born in Senegal in 2017, living in Cardiff, UK in 2019[61]
  • Safa and Marwa Bibi, twin girls built-in in Hayatabad, Pakistan on January 17, 2017, conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in February 2019.
  • Callie and Carter Torres, built-in thirty January 2017 in Houston Texas, from Blackfoot Idaho. They are Omphalo-Ischiopagus conjoined twins, attached by their pelvic area and sharing all organs from the belly button downwardly with just one leg each.[62] [63]
  • Yiḡit and Derman Evrensel, twin boys born on 21 June 2018, Antalya, Turkey. They are craniopagus twins and were separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in 2019 by the same surgeons that separated Safa and Marwa Bibi.[64] [65]
  • Ervina and Prefina, born June 29, 2018 in the Central African Republic. They were separated on June 5, 2020 at the Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital in Rome, Italy.[66]
  • Mercy and Goodness Ede, built-in August 13, 2019, conjoined past the breast and belly. Successfully separated at the National Infirmary in Abuja, Nigeria in November 2019.[67]
  • Marie-Cléa and Marie-Cléanne Papillon, born in Mauritius in 2019.[68] Conjoined from cervix to abdomen, but also from heart which had seven rooms, instead of 4.[69] Marie-Cléa did not survive the surgery to split the two.[lxx]
  • Susannah and Elizabeth Castle, built-in Apr 22, 2021 and separated December 10th, 2021 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[71]

In fiction [edit]

Conjoined twins have been the focus of several noteworthy works of amusement, including:

  • Irish writer Sarah Crossan won the Carnegie Medal for her verse novel, One.[72] The story follows the life and survival of conjoined twin sisters. The book also won The Bookseller'due south 2016 prize for young adult fiction and the Irish Children's Book of the Twelvemonth.
  • The Broadway musical Side Bear witness depicts the lives of real-life conjoined twins Daisy and Violet Hilton, portrayed in the original Broadway production past Alice Ripley and Emily Skinner.
  • The Peach Tree, a Korean novel and film, portrays conjoined twin brothers falling in love with the aforementioned woman.
  • The 1999 picture show Twin Falls Idaho portrays conjoined twin brothers who are played past two non-conjoined identical twin brothers, one of whom directed the film, and both of whom co-wrote the screenplay.
  • In the fourth flavour of the American television series American Horror Story titled American Horror Story: Freak Show, the main grapheme Bette and Dot Tattler (Sarah Paulson in a dual part) are a dicephalic parapagus twin where their ii heads are next on one trunk. This performance is done with the help of CGI.
  • Brian Aldiss'southward 1977 novel Brothers of the Caput depicts conjoined twins who become rock stars. In the 2005 film accommodation, they are played past not-conjoined identical twins Harry Treadaway and Luke Treadaway.

See also [edit]

  • Medical law
  • Monoamniotic twins
  • Polycephaly

References [edit]

  1. ^ "conjoined twin". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2021-xi-05 .
  2. ^ "Medical Definition of Conjoined twin". MedicineNet . Retrieved 2021-xi-05 .
  3. ^ "Conjoined Twins haFacts". University of Maryland Medical Eye. Archived from the original on half dozen Jan 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  4. ^ a b Carnevale, Francisco Cesar; Borges, Marcus Vinicius; Affonso, Breno Boueri; Pinto, Ricardo Augusto de Paula; Tannuri, Uenis; Maksoud, João Gilberto (Apr 2006). "Importance of angiographic report in preoperative planning of conjoined twins: case written report". Clinics. 61 (2): 167–70. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322006000200013. PMID 16680335.
  5. ^ Conjoined Twins at eMedicine
  6. ^ a b c d e f chiliad Kaufman, One thousand.H. (August 2004). "The embryology of conjoined twins". Kid'due south Nervous System. twenty (viii–ix): 508–25. doi:x.1007/s00381-004-0985-4. PMID 15278382. S2CID 206964928.
  7. ^ Tao Le; Bhushan, Vikas; Vasan, Neil (2010). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1: 2010 20th Anniversary Edition. U.s.a.: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. p. 121. ISBN978-0-07-163340-six.
  8. ^ "h2g2 - Twins - A369434". Bbc.co.britain. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  9. ^ Konar, Hiralal (ten May 2015). DC Dutta's textbook of obstetrics (Eighth ed.). p. 233. ISBN9789351527237.
  10. ^ Sadler, Thomas W. (29 October 2018). Langman'southward medical embryology (14th ed.). p. 124. ISBN9781496383907.
  11. ^ Sadler, Thomas Westward. (29 Oct 2018). Langman's medical embryology (14th ed.). p. 63. ISBN9781496383907.
  12. ^ a b c d e f grand h i j thousand l Burmagina, Yuliya (March 1, 2006). "Duplicata incompleta, dicephalus dipus dibrachius". TheFetus.internet. Archived from the original on August xix, 2009.
  13. ^ "Cephalothoracopagus Menosymmetro (Conjoined Twins)". collphyphil.org. Mütter Museum, The Higher of Physicians of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on 2010-08-xv. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  14. ^ Spencer, Rowena (December 1995). "Rachipagus conjoined twins: They actually do occur!". Teratology. 52 (6): 346–356. doi:ten.1002/tera.1420520605. PMID 8711621.
  15. ^ Dreger, Alice Domurat (2004). I of United states of america: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal . Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-01825-9.
  16. ^ "The Case of Conjoined Twins in 10th Century Byzantium". Medievalists.net. iv January 2014.
  17. ^ Montandon, Denys (2015). "The unspeakable history of Thoracopagus twins' separation" (PDF). ISAPS News. 9 (3): 47–48.
  18. ^ Kompanje, Erwin J. O. (i Dec 2004). "The First Successful Separation of Conjoined Twins in 1689: Some Additions and Corrections". Twin Research. 7 (6): 537–541. doi:x.1375/1369052042663760. PMID 15607002.
  19. ^ "Voris, Harold C." The University of Chicago Photographic Archive. 1972. Retrieved 2017-07-xxx .
  20. ^ Stone, James L.; Goodrich, James T. (one May 2006). "The craniopagus malformation: nomenclature and implications for surgical separation". Encephalon. 129 (5): 1084–1095. doi:ten.1093/brain/awl065. PMID 16597654.
  21. ^ "Mercy Care Firsts". Mercy Hospital & Medical Heart Chicago . Retrieved October xiv, 2015.
  22. ^ "Separate Siamese Twins!". Chicago Tribune. Apr 22, 1955. Retrieved Oct 14, 2015.
  23. ^ Voris, Harold C. (February 1963). "Cranioplasty in a Craniopagus Twin". Journal of Neurosurgery. twenty (2): 145–147. doi:10.3171/jns.1963.20.two.0145. PMID 14192083. S2CID37985174.
  24. ^ "Dr. Bewrtram Katz, 83 - Obituary". Vindy.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  25. ^ [1] [ dead link ]
  26. ^ "In Conversation with Medicine'southward Miracle Workers -- Dr Chumpon Chan and Dr Keith Goh". Channel News Asia Singapore. April 19, 2001. Archived from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  27. ^ "Nepali twin dies seven years after 97-hour separation surgery". Monsters and Critics. July thirty, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-xi-01.
  28. ^ "Siamese twin Jodie 'to go abode soon'". BBC News. April 23, 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  29. ^ Appel, Jacob M. (September 2000). "Ethics: English Loftier Court Orders Separation of Conjoined Twins". The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 28 (3): 312–313. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00678.x. PMID 11210387. S2CID 36191724.
  30. ^ "We don't know how to tell Gracie her sister died so she could live". The Mirror. July nine, 2007. Retrieved 2014-08-03 – via Free Online Library.
  31. ^ "Wired xi.ten: Till Death Do United states of america Part". Wired. 2001-04-11. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  32. ^ "The battle to separate Safa and Marwa". BBC News . Retrieved 2019-07-18 .
  33. ^ "Separating conjoined twins". world wide web.gosh.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2019-07-18 . [ permanent dead link ]
  34. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
  35. ^ "Church FATHERS: City of God, Book 16 (St. Augustine)". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  36. ^ The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Almost Eastern History, AD 284-813. Translated with Introduction and Commentary by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, p. 106-107.
  37. ^ The Life of the Prophet Muhammad: Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya By Ibn Kathir, Trevor Le Gassick, Muneer Fareed, pg. 132
  38. ^ A. Zahoor (1997), Abu Raihan Muhammad al-Biruni, Hasanuddin U
  39. ^ Bondeson, Jan (April 1992), "The Biddenden Maids: a curious chapter in the history of conjoined twins", Journal of the Royal Order of Medicine, London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 85 (4): 217–221, PMC1294728, PMID 1433064
  40. ^ Hartzman, Marc (2005). American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Near Wondrous and Curiously Stranger Performers. New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher / Penguin. pp. 20–21. ISBN978-1585425303.
  41. ^ a b "The Double Monster Rosa-Josepha Blazek". The American Naturalist. 25 (298): 891–894. 1891-10-01. doi:10.1086/275418. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 222330134.
  42. ^ Breakstone, Benjamin H. (August 1922). "The Last Illiness of the Blazek Grown-Together Twins". Illinois Medical Periodical. 42: 123–130 – via Google Books.
  43. ^ Miller, Sarah (2021). Violet and Daisy: The Story of Vaudeville'due south Famous Conjoined Twins. New York: Schwartz & Wade Books. p. 221. ISBN978-0593119723.
  44. ^ "WARIBOKO OKI @ 62: Nigeria's celebrated Siamese twin tells her life story". Vanguard News. 2015-12-12. Retrieved 2018-09-02 .
  45. ^ "Siamese Twins: The Surgery: An Agonizing Choice - Parents, Doctors, Rabbis In Dilemma". Philadelphia Inquirer (reprinted). 1977-x-sixteen. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-05-09 .
  46. ^ "Tanzanian conjoined twins die at age 21". CNN.com. 2018-06-04. Retrieved 2020-01-09 .
  47. ^ Vencatareddy-Nursingen, Selvanee (2019-01-08). "Naissance de bébés siamois: émouvante rencontre entre les Papillon et les Fokeer" [Birth of Siamese babies: A Moving Encounter Between the Papillons and the Fokeers]. lexpress.mu (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-18 .
  48. ^ "Conjoined Twins Pass up to Be Separated Despite Physician'southward Warnings". PEOPLE.com. 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2017-09-05 .
  49. ^ Staffenberg, David A.; Goodrich, James T. (Jan 2005). "Separation of craniopagus conjoined twins: an evolution in idea". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 32 (1): 25–34. doi:ten.1016/j.cps.2004.09.002. PMID 15636762.
  50. ^ "Der Geburtstag der siamesischen Zwillinge Lea und Tabea jährt sich zum zweiten Mal". Mennonews.de (in German). August 3, 2005. Retrieved 2016-12-09 .
  51. ^ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-2022-goggles-on-for-secrecy-punjabs-conjoined-twins-cast-separate-votes-2778383/amp/1
  52. ^ "Many-limbed India girl in surgery". BBC News. 2007-11-06.
  53. ^ Athanasiadis, Apostolos P.; Tzannatos, Christinne; Mikos, Themistoklis; Zafrakas, Menelaos; Bontis, John N. (June 2005). "A unique case of conjoined triplets". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 192 (half-dozen): 2084–2087. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.622. PMID 15970906.
  54. ^ "Herrin Twins". Archived from the original on 2014-06-06. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  55. ^ "Separating Twins". NOVA. Pbs.org. February 8, 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-03 .
  56. ^ Cai, Wenjun (July 15, 2014). "Conjoined twins to exist separated". ShanghaiDaily.com . Retrieved 2017-06-fifteen .
  57. ^ Wang, Hongyi (July 18, 2014). "Conjoined girls separated in surgery". Chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 2017-06-15 .
  58. ^ Meghan Holohan (2016-x-14). "Formerly conjoined twins recovering, gaining mobility subsequently separation".
  59. ^ Meghan Holohan (2017-10-26). "Formerly conjoined twins are finally home 1 year after epic surgery".
  60. ^ "Formerly conjoined twins, Erin and Abby Delaney, thriving months later on separation surgery". Children'due south Hospital of Philadelphia. October 22, 2017. Retrieved 2018-xi-27 .
  61. ^ Rees, Gwyneth (January 23, 2019). "Two girls, one trunk". BBC News.
  62. ^ "Conjoined twins in Blackfoot continue to beat the odds | The Spokesman-Review". world wide web.spokesman.com . Retrieved 2020-07-27 .
  63. ^ "Barcroft.tv - barcroft Resources and Information". www.barcroft.tv . Retrieved 2020-07-27 .
  64. ^ "Second set of rare conjoined twins separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in less than 12 months". world wide web.gosh.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2020-07-27 .
  65. ^ "Separation of conjoined twins in London children'south infirmary 'a Moses moment'". The National . Retrieved 2020-07-27 .
  66. ^ Jack Guy; Sharon Braithwaite. "Twin girls, joined at the skull, successfully separated in Vatican infirmary". CNN . Retrieved 2020-07-09 .
  67. ^ "Nigerian conjoined twins successfully separated by 78-member team in Abuja". CNN.com. January 8, 2020.
  68. ^ Carpayen, Shelly (2019-xi-17). "Séparée de sa soeur siamoise: Cléanne ou la joie de vivre" [Separated from her Siamese sister: Cléanne or the Joy of Living]. lexpress.mu (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-18 .
  69. ^ https://ionnews.mu/marie-cleanne-papillon-le-3e-bebe-siamois-miracule-au-monde-selon-son-chirurgien-28052019/.
  70. ^ "Jumelles siamoises: Marie-Cléa Papillon inhumée ce mardi" [Siamese Twins: Marie-Cléa Papillon buried this Tuesday]. lexpress.mu (in French). 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2021-10-02 .
  71. ^ "Log into Facebook". Facebook . Retrieved 2021-12-15 .
  72. ^ Drabble, Emily (2016-06-20). "Sarah Crossan wins the Carnegie medal with poesy novel One". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-04-13 .

External links [edit]

Media related to Conjoined twins at Wikimedia Eatables

  • Types and social history of conjoined twins
  • The site of the medical Saudi team responsible for numerous successful separation surgeries
  • Eng and Chang - The Original Siamese Twins; The Academy of N Carolina at Chapel Loma, The Northward Carolina Drove Gallery
  • The Human being Marvels: A Historical Reference Site run past J. Tithonus Pednaud, Teratological Historian
  • Cases of conjoined and incomplete twins Archived 2006-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
  • Clara and Alta Rodriguez, joined at the pelvis and successfully separated in 1974 at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia past surgeons including C. Everett Koop
  • National Library of Medicine: Selected Moments in the History of Conjoined Twins
  • Conjoined Twins Fast Facts (besides lists boosted twins)
  • Emedicine article (this commodity includes postal service-mortem images)
  • Facts Most Multiples: Conjoined Records and stats
  • "The St. Benoit Twins", Scientific American, xiii July 1878, p. 24

shafferbetand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins

Posting Komentar untuk "Two Headed Girl Babies Born With Too Much Skin"